Peter Eisenman Essay Example for Free

Peter Eisenman EssayIntroduction* Peter Eisenman was born in 1932 in red-hotark, New Jersey. He studied architecture from 1951 to 1955 at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, and later at Columbia University in New York City, and concluded his academic training in 1963 with a doctoral thesis on design hypothesis. * He worked together with Charles Gwathmay, John Hejduk, Michael carve and Richard Meier in the architects group The New York Five. At this time, Eisenman developed his principles for design theory in a mo of key publications. * At the beginning of the 1980s, Eisenman established his own architectural put in New York, and since that time has created a number of important and diverse anatomical structures. * A recurrent topic is his thesis ab proscribed an architecture of memory, from which he derives the postulate of a place-oriented or textual architecture, which affords the observer a unique experience, difficult to express adequately, of piazza and time.ME MORIAL OF MURDERED JEWS, BERLIN creation* The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, also known as the Holocaust Memorial, is a repository in Berlin to the Jewish victims of the Holocaust. * The Berlin Holocaust repository was the outcome of a process which extended oer a period of 17 years, moving from a grass-roots possibility to a g everywhithernment resolution and eventu totallyy a multi-stage competition. * Peter Eisenman won the competition and construction of project started in April 2003. It was inaugurated on May 10 2005, lx years after the end of World War II.CONCEPT* Generally, while experiencing a construction a person walks through with(predicate) the building perceiving columns on the go away and moving around and again there are columns on the right, so there can be a sort of conclusion roughly the building being symmetric, axial etc. So pinch of a buildings comes from being presence in the experience.But in the holocaust memorial, experiencing the building does not give you understanding of the monument. In this project, when we move, we do not learn everything, there is no specific path to follow, any point within the memorial is no different than any other point.The underlying idea behind the memorial was to reduce the meaning of experience because this relates to what happened in camps. The memorial intends to show the absence of meaning in the executions carried out in camps.The memorial is an analogy to experience of the camps but also an analogy to the idea of breaking down the relationship between experience and understanding.* Often referred to as a field of stelae, the memorial consists of 2711 concrete stelae (95 cm x 2.37 m), with heights varying from less than a meter to 4 meters. * The stelae are straighten outd by a space equal to the width of an individual stele, or enough room for a angiotensin converting enzyme individual to pass through. * The memorial is traditional in the sense of using material such as concret e, which is a common means for the construction of memorials, but it is innovative in its form and design. * thither is a quality of indeterminacy to the entire field, despite what appears to be a regularly spaced grid. Regularity is only perceived when standing on top of bingle of the lower pillars at the perimeter or in an aerial photograph.* Upon approaching the site, matchless might assume that the stelae are evenly spaced but the undulating earthly concern surface defeats the sense of a grid, as does the actual experience of walking through the relatively confined spaces and the existence of varying views framed and obstructed by the stelae. * Eisenman relates this monument to a living memory quite a than a sentimental memory as the holocaust cannot be remembered in the first, nostalgic mode, as its shame forever ruptured the link between nostalgia and memory. Remembering the Holocaust can, therefore, only be a living condition in which the past corpse active in the presen t.* The space of the memorial is not overwhelming in casing, the instability of the backcloth and unpredictability of the heights of the stelae interact to frustrate understanding of the space. * One is further befogged or disoriented by the narrow alleys which are not truly perceived as straight lines, due to the varying heights of the concrete slabs and the ragged ground plane. * Perhaps even more disorienting is the fact that there are no written cues or images of any sort. Immediately discounting the notion that one should read the pillars as tomb treasures is the absence of any language and any apparent right or wrong direction or ending point.INFORMATION nub* The Information Centre beneath the Field of Stelae documents the persecution and destruction of the Jews of Europe and the diachronic sites of the crimes. * The focus of the exhibition lies on the personalisation of the victims and on the geographical dimension of the Holocaust. * A major section of the informatio n centre that supplements the memorial is dedicated to informing the visitor about au thustic sites even about the ones that do not exist any more for reasons of concealment during the Third Reich. * The information centre stresses the importance of authentic sites and encourages the visitation thereof.AUTHENTICITY AND PURPOSE OF MEMORIAL* During the painful debates about erecting such a memorial, a major aspect of criticism was the danger of authentic sites of the holocaust losing their importance. Thus, it is vital to distinguish the different purposes of authentic sites from the artificially created monument. * The more contract function was read in the resolution by the German bundestag (a legislative body) of June 1999. With the memorial we intend to honour the murdered victims, keep alive the memory of these impossible events in German history ,admonish all future generations never again to violate human rights, to defend the democratic constitutional state at all times, t o secure equality before the law for all people and to resist all forms of dictatorship and regimes based on violence.* Peter Eisenman,the architect of the memorial says about its intention that The enormity and scale of the horror of the Holocaust is such that any attempt to represent it by traditional means is inevitably inadequate Our memorial attempts to present a new idea of memory as distinct from nostalgia We can only know the past today through a revelation in the present. * The design is to turn the visit of the memorial into an individual experience that causes the visitor to reflect about the genocide. * Each individual entering the field of stelae exit find him- or herself wandering alone, because the paths in between the concrete slabs are not wide enough for two people to walk next to distributively other. Thus, the visitation turns into an individual experience. * Lea Rosh, the initiator of the memorial stated that this meant to raise the murdered above their mur derers and to raise the victims above the perpetrators.CONCLUSION* Looking at the historical significance of the cl forecasted area, the memorial gains a layer of authenticity, but what is almost of more importance is the setting of the memorial in the government quarter and in the stock ticker of the capital. * Time will show if the memorial will live up to the definition of authenticity in the sense of heritage conservation where it is understood as the ability of a property to convey its cultural significance over time. * For one thing is sure, that the memorials cultural significance is difficult for being a monument to honour the Jewish victims of the holocaust and at the same time a testimony of Germanys accounting with the past.WEXNER CENTER OF ARTS, OHIOINTRODUCTION* The firm of Peter Eisenman and Richard Trott won the design competition for Wexner Center of Arts. * Eisenman wowed the Jury with his bold ideas for the art center, which were aimed at linking the past to the present (Timeless Earth 1), through the use of unconventional means. * The end result became both Peter Eisenmans first large public commission and one of the first large scale constructions of Deconstructivist Architecture. * The building is tucked in between the Mershon Auditorium and Weigel Hall both of which are home to programs that were to be consolidated into the Wexner Center.DESIGN PROCESS* The literal use of the turn grid is use by Eisenman as an extensive method of giving the architecture its own voice. * The identification of the dialectic grids stems from conditions that exist at the boundary of the site, Eisenman then grafts one grid on top of the other and seeks potential connections or event sites at the urban, local, and indoor scales. * Scalar operations are performed as a means of mediating the scale of the urban grid towards a pedestrian or human scale, lastly, the results of these operations serves as a map that is employ to locate program, pathways, structur e, interior forms, excavations, and views along the newly afforded possibilities of event sites in both the horizontal and vertical planes.* The results of these operations are visible in almost every aspect of the construction, from the mental faculty in the curtainwall, the tiling of the pavers, planters and trees on site. * To add to the depth of possibilities afforded by this excavation of the immediate condition of the grid Eisenman grafts figured scaffolding onto the site and integrates this figure into the radical circuit or pathway of the building. * The scaffolding is scaled to represent the module of the grid that is interpretable at a human scale. * The scaffold is reduced to its new(a) type, to the essential condition that signifies the essence of its existence that being an impermanent accessory to architecture that allows its construction, but does not necessarily shelter. * This architecture of non-shelter is aligned directly coterminous to an interior pathway wit hin the building that does enclose and protect.* Eisenman coupled his grid abstractions with a series of figures that would play a key role in his aim of linking the past with the present. * The most prominent of these figures exists as a reconstruction of a part of the armoury that occupied the site from 1898 until it was terminally damaged by chevy on May 17th 1958. * The figure of the armoury Eisenman has presented along the south pedestrian access (the most visually accessible elevation of the building) has been reduced to a series of fragments of armoury- uniform forms that indicate the essence of the armoury without reproducing any of the legitimate intricate detail.* Within the armoury forms the negative space carved out of the solid brick throng that make up these figures is cast with a dark tinted curtain wall, within which is an aluminum mullion pattern evocative of the use of grid. * The contrast created by the anodized aluminum of the mullions intensifies the dim dep th of the glass. * The lack of historical fidelity in the reconstruction of the armoury, the fragmentation of the form, and the insertion of dark glass into the voids left between these fragments seems to speak of the disjointed trend in which we reflect the past, and in turn, it serves to remind us of a past we pee lost and can never return to.* In revisiting the design devices that Eisenman used in the design of the Wexner Center for the Arts is has been possible to determine that oftentimes of the abstraction of form derives itself from co-related processes. * Initiated by a series of processes which appropriate and manipulate spread the coordinates of the urban and pedestrian, horizontal and vertical, and the past and the present Eisenman produces three very distinctive extensive and intensive operations of shifting, figuring, fragmenting that coalesce into an engaging ecology for the celebration of originative thought.HOUSE VI* In the earlier stage of his career he designe d a series of familys, named as house I to house X. His plate II, VI and X are most famous projects of his initial ones. * Eisenman, one of the New York Five, designed the house for Mr. and Mrs. Richard Frank between 1972-1975 who found great discernment for the architects work despite previously being known as a paper architect and theorist. * By giving Eisenman a receive to put his theories to practice, one of the most famous, and difficult, houses emerged in the United States.* Situated on a flat site in Cornwall, House VI stands its own ground as a sculpture in its surroundings. * The design emerged from a conceptual process that began with a grid. Eisenman manipulated the grid in a way so that the house was divided into four sections and when completed the building itself could be a record of the design process. * Therefore structural elements, were revealed so that the construction process was evident, but not always understood. * Thus, the house became a study between the actual structure and architectural theory. The house was effeciently constructed using a simple post and beam system. * so far some columns or beams play no structural role and are incorporated to enhance the conceptual design. For example one column in the kitchen hovers over the kitchen table, not even touching the ground In other spaces, beams meet but do not intersect, creating a cluster of supports.* The structure was incorporated into Eisenmans grid to convey the module that created the interior spaces with a series of planes that slipped through each other. * Purposely ignoring the idea of form following function, Eisenman created spaces that were quirky and well-lit, but or else unconventional to live with. * He make it difficult for the users so that they would have to grow accustom to the architecture and constantly be aware of it. For instance, in the bedroom there is a glass slot in the center of the wall continuing through the floor that divides the room in half, fo rcing there to be separate beds on either side of the room. * Another curious aspect is an upside down staircase, the element which portrays the axis of the house and is painted red to draw attention.* There are also many other difficult aspects that disrupt conventional living, such as the column hanging over the dinner table that separates diners and the single bathroom that is only accessible through a bedroom. * Eisenman was able to constantly remind the users of the architecture around them and how it affects their lives. * He succeeded in building a structure that functioned both as a house and a work of art, but changing the priority of both so that function followed the art. * He built a home where man was forced to live in a work of art, a sculpture, and according to the clients who enjoyed inhabiting Eisenmans artwork and poetry, the house was very successful.MICHAEL GRAVES* Michael carve arrived in Princeton in 1962, when university offered him first real job. * He had w orked briefly for architect George Nelson in New York before spending two years at American Academy in Rome, a sojourn which was to have the most profound influence on his mature architecture. * Michael carve and his two firms have received over 200 awards for design excellence in architecture, planning, interior design, product design and graphic design. Graves is the recipient of the 2001 Gold Medal of the American Institute of Architects. * Michael Graves is considered as one of the five architects, known as New York Five, which includes (Eisenman, Graves, Meier, Hejduk and Charles Gwathmey.)GRAVES WAREHOUSE RESIDENCE* Michael Graves house in the university town of Princeton, New Jersey, is a passing personal work by an architect best known for large-scale projects. * The residence is being renovated from a ruined store. So Graves often address his house as warehouse. * Modest in scale and virtually invisible from the public street, the Warehouse is nonetheless a symbol of Gra ves passionate belief in an architecture which is both natural and humane. Its quiet grandeur reflects his final rejection of the machine aesthetic of the Modern Movement. * The house is a personal statement and a private retreat, where Graves keep the furniture, pictures, books, sculptures and other objects accumulated during a lifetime of collecting. * Graves like John Soane, sees his house as a place to display his collections, which will one day be available to the interested public. John Soanes museum house has always been an inspiration for Graves.* The warehouse is an L-shaped building, consisting of a northern wing and an eastern wing. * The original north wing, hidden from the street, had large doors where trucks regularly disgorged loads of household accessories. * The later wing, at right angle, was much narrower. It was here that Graves first made his home. He installed a kitchen and bathroom and lived like a student at first. * In mid eighties with his practice booming, he tackled the northern wing, bringing in other members of his office to assist and began work on the garden. This second phase of work took four years and was followed by a year of work in the kitchen wing. * The formal inauguration of house take place in 1992, when a conference of US Governors took place in Princeton and Graves held a garden party for the Governors spouses.EXTERIOR* The exterior has a quiet monumentality, which derives from the vernacular barns and farmhouses of the Italian countryside. * Graves have rejected canonic classicism in favour of a freer and more natural approach to design and stresses that the house is intended as a practical place to live rather than a monument, despite his long term plans to preserve it and possibly house an archive of his work there. * The elevation of the house cannot be read in ground of conventional classical design. Informal and vernacular in inspiration, they equally have an almost Cubist abstraction which suggests connectio n with Graves earlier houses.* The chimney raft in particular, is a boldly expressed sculptural design. * The unity of house and garden is key theme. Graves seeks an idealized landscape, recalling those he loves to paint in Italy, and place is subordinated to an overall architectural intent. The warm and slightly irregular texture of the stucco, contributes greatly to the overall effect of the exterior. * Highly sculptural in treatment and rigorous in its exclusion of ornament, the Warehouse looks beyond replication and more genuine traditionalism. * The entrance court at the house is a dynamic and yet homelike space, open to the sky and preparing guests for the relatively low and intense entrance hall. * The dining room looks into this space, which has an agreeable inside/out quality.INTERIORLIBRARY* The Library is rigid such that it behaves as connecting area between Living room and East garden. * The subroutine library has a sense of verticality and highly architectural in t reatment, like a street of colonnaded buildings. * Skylight enlightens the volume of the library from the top.WORKSPACE* The house is close to Graves office, but he occasionally works in here and keeps a small functional study room on the first floor. * He often expresses himself in the delicate, enigmatic irrigate colours he paints, on his tours. * Study room is lit by the square window on the front wall.LIVING ROOM* Graves living room is equally made for comfort rather than mere show. The relatively low floor to ceiling heights in the building dictated by the original structure have been cleverly utilized to produce interiors of some intensity. * Alcoves to the living room are distinctly Soanean in form, but reflects the dimension of original store rooms used by Princeton students to store everything from books to grand pianos. * A terra-cotta-colored wall sets off furnishings that range from antiques to chairs designed by Michael Graves.DINING ROOM* The dining room is lit by t all metal framed windows which look onto the courtyard which seems to form a natural character to the space. * The chimney-piece has an austerity which is more Modernist than Classical. * Many of the accessories in this room were exchange as Grand Tour souvenirs a century ago. Michael designed the glass-and-metal centerpiece vessel for Steuben (Manufacturer of handmade art glass and crystal).CONCLUSION* The Warehouse is a highly personal building, which expresses not just Michael Graves, master builder, but equally Graves the sceptic and questioner of orthodoxies, whether modern or traditional. The house is clearly both modern and traditional. * If its plan is essentially Classical and its use of light and shade specifically Soanean, the easy flow of the spaces and the essential informality of the building provide a reminder of its architects roots in the Modern movement * The Warehouse is indeed, a clear statement of a lively traditionalism which remains a powerful strand in cont emporary American design. * Its quiet beauty is the work of a man who has played a key role in reshaping the face of architecture in the late twentieth century.DENVER CENTRAL LIBRARY* Michael Graves was commissioned in 1990 to renovate and design an extension to the capital of Colorado Central Library. * Sitting adjacent to Denver Art Museum, the Denver Central Library stands as the 8th largest library in the United States. * The 405,000 s.f. summing up to the existing library allows for the original building designed by Burnham Hoyt in 1956 to maintain its own identity. * So much so that Graves addition and the original library are two parts in a larger composition that are connected by a three story atrium. * The blabbermouthed atrium serves as a new main entrance that becomes the main focal point for visitor orientation and circulation to either wing of the library.* For a post-modern building, the interior of the library is fairly conservative when it comes to the decorative a esthetics. * Most of the spaces appear as traditional library spaces composed of natural wood evoking a sense of grandeur and extravagance. * merely in the reading rooms is there any trace of the post-modern aesthetic. * One begins to understand the abstracted colonnades, vaulting, and colorful painting creating more of a fun accomplishment environment rather than a stark, serious library space. * In addition to the extensive literary collections, the library functions as a community gathering space consisting of multipurpose rooms, meeting facilities, shops, a caf, and a special museum-like collection on the American West. * The Denver Central Library sits affixed in Downtown Denver as not only an academic institution, but as part of a larger cultural epicenter.MARITIME EXPERIENTIAL MUSEUM* The Maritime Xperiential Museum is an iconic structure that draws its inspiration from sea-going vessels and thus embodies the stories contained in the exhibits and programs presented inside. * Throughout the day, the shadows and dappled light cast by the ribbed frame will enliven the interior exhibits. * The interactive exhibits and the circular 300-seat Typhoon Theater, provide a wide variety of experiences for visitors. * The exhibit focuses on the maritime Silk Route, which historically stretched from Southeast Asia to Oman. Geographically, Singapore is an important part of this history. * The Museum is set back from the waters edge by an esplanade with a covered pedestrian loggia that allows visitors to enjoy the view of the mainland across the bay.* At night, when viewed from the water, the glass facade of the Museum will reveal the brightly-lit interior, go a beacon on the water and a landmark on the horizon. * West of the Museum, a small marina will display examples of sailing vessels, a tourist attraction in its own right, which lends an air of authenticity to the museum complex. * The Museum and Marina are thematically linked to the adjacent outdoor Marine L ife Park and form a rich tourist experience focused on the sea, marine life and maritime experiences. * Along the waterfront at the base of Universal Plaza is the Showplace Theater, with large stone steps creating a seating area for 2,000 people. * With views across the bay to the main island, this is the location of the Crane Dance, a nightly sound and light show in the water that epitomizes the fun and drama of Resorts World.

Service Quality of Bank Essay Example for Free

Service Quality of Bank EssayGood and insalubrious cambering service that Ive ever experienced before It was really great to have banking service especially internet banking. It has a lot of advantage for me, for suit helping me out to pay my tuition fee, pay my bill, and buy a prepaid reload. Transfer money also getting easy as my parents from Indonesia circularise me money just thru ATM to ATM. Despite all of the good thing of the banking service. Ive experience the worse one. If Im not mistaken, on Thursday, lofty 23, 2007 around 1546 pm, I make cash withdrawals at ATMs BNI (Bank Negara Indonesia or Indonesian Bank) branch Klampis Surabaya Rp1,000,000, but it was came out only Rp950. 000, though my bank account already count 1,000,000 as withdrawal. I report directly to the customer service BNI branch Klampis and asked to complete written reports. On Monday, August 27, 2007, when I have some savings on print book teller BNI, listed 50,000 refund on August 24, 2007.But, Au gust 28, 2007 when I re-requested printed, 50,000 of money, it has taken / credited back. match to customer service BNI, it happened because it was considered in that location was no difference in the ATM transaction otherwise altered so successful and did not return my money. Although there were not many, but nevertheless I still impaired by ATM BNI. Previously, I have also experienced a similar disfigured incident at the ATM BCA (Bank Central Asia) with a lack of money is greater.Around May 15, 2009, I withdraw cash at BCA ATM in Jakarta about Rp1,000,000 but in fact, money that comes out just Rp250,000 or less Rp750,000 whereas the contents of my bank account has been reduced Rp1. 000. 0000. I now make a report by phone to the BCA Access Center. Furthermore, I also suggested make repeated telephone and written report on the BCA branch, the film location while I withdraw the money.However, after months of waiting, my money is eaten in BCA ATM did not come back, because by the Bank Central Asia, the transaction is considered successful. disposed(p) the frequent cases of money out of the ATM is not in accordance with the nominal transaction as my experience as well as many other customers that was published in various print media, its time ATM owned banks in the country to be examined or audited periodically by an single-handed body to customers not always the fault of the injured party machine, that what I suggest.

The Turnover Culture In The Hotel Industry

The Turnover Culture In The Hotel Indus purifyPart BAbstractIt is revealed that high get the picture overturn is a major global chore in hotel industry. The human being resource management in the hotel industry is facing ch on the wholeenge some retaining employees and minimizes the swage. Therefore, it is worth to investigate about the human resource management in the hotel industry.The purpose of this playing field is to explore the fag out upset esteem in hotel industry, and its associated the factors affecting the fight overthrow and how to manage the labor swage. The labor derangement in hotel industry is formd by the spring related factors, external factors and external factors. gibe to some statistics, the cost of labor derangement in hotel industry is very high. Moreover, some retention st valuategy atomic number 18 propose to overcome the labor turnover ar discussed including preparation, employee motivation and employee recognition.Section 1 Introd uctionReason for choice of topicThe tourism industry is the leading industry in m whatever countries. Hong Kong tourism industry contributing $162.8 billion or 10.8% of gross domesticated product in 2009(http//www.gov.hk/en/residents/, http//www.tourism.gov.hk/textonly/english/statistics/statistics_perform.html ) and Thailand tourism industry generate 6.5% of gross domestic product in 2008 (http//www.thaiwebsites.com/tourism.asp). Accommodation is an native element of tourism service and it is vital to the timber of the tourist experience, as it constitutes a major part of consumption.This culture is to investigate the labor turnover in the hotel nerve. It is general known that the cordial reception industry has a major challenge about the labor turnover and stave stability rates. These businesss ar usually occur in the front-line provide as it is related to a lot of unfavorable departing conditions in hotel, such(prenominal) as the keen-sighted working hours, unstable wo rking schedule and wishing of promotion opportunities. Therefore, many people atomic number 18 not volitioning to enter to the hotel industry or some people substantiate work for many years in hotel industry but shift to an early(a)wise industry because of those unfavorable working conditions. Besides, the human resource management in the hotel industry be facing some serious problems about retaining the employees and recruits the right people to fill in the right think over. Therefore, it is worthwhile to investigate the factors that cause the front-line employees to quit the contrast. In addition, to discuss what the human resource management dismiss do to retain the staff and manage the labor turnover in the hotel constitution.Another resolve for choosing this topic to study is the authors want to become the human resource manager in a hotel. Therefore, it is vital that the author take hold a clear arrest of what challenges that the human resource management are faci ng and to use the specific approach to overcome those problems.1.2 Academic objectives of dissertationThis topic aims to achieve the fol small-scaleings objectivesTo find out what is the meaning of labor turnover and have an overview of the turnover culture in the hotel industryTo discuss the factors that influence labor turnover in hotel industry.To explain the cost of labor turnover in hotel industry.To find out what the human resource management give the axe do to managing the labor turnover. delineate of sectionsIn section 1, the author talked about her reason for choice this topic and the major objectives through this project. In section 2, the authors explained the concepts of labor turnover briefly and tolerate an overview of the turnover culture in the hotel industry. In section 3, the author would explain the factors influence the turnover in the hotel industry and have an understanding of the cost of labor turnover. It could help to show the labor turnover is a serious problem deep down the industry. Moreover, in section 4, the author wants to illuminate others understand how to manage the labor turnover in the hotel industry. Finally in section 5, would be the summary and conclusion about this project.Section 2 Literature review2.1 What is labor turnover? accord to Price (1977, p.15) the term turnover is defined as the ratio of the number of organization members who have left during the period being enumerateed divided by the average number of people in that organization during the period and in addition each time a position is vacated, a new employee must be hired and trained. This replacement cycle is known as turnover (Woods, 1995, p. 345). sweat turnover refers to the movement of employees in and out of a business. Labor turnover affects twain workers and firms workers may need to learn new job-specific skills, whilst firms incur the costs of hiring and training new workers ( browned et. al., 2009). The new workers may be much passing motivated and more than highly skilled. Hence, turnover may enhance firm process. However, high labor turnover causes problems for the firm as it is costly, lowers productivity and morale.Labor turnover can be divided into two main types uncoerced, where the employees kick in of their own free will, and in volunteer(prenominal), where the employer decides that employment should terminate. Retirement can fall into either category (Boella, 2000). Most often the voluntary turnover arises where some employees leave to escape negative work environment factors and other are pulled away from the organization by more attractive opportunities and Cheng and Brown (1998) stated that people quit their job for many reasons, but nearly reasons are not related to management. In recent study, the involuntary turnover can applied to those employees have a miserable performance or have did some serious mis transfers then the organization would encourage them to quit than fire them.2.2 The turn over culture in the hotel industryEveryone knows that the hotel industry is a highly labor-intensive industry but the high labor turnover is a serious problem within the industry all around the world. roughly theorists such as Mobley (1977), Price (1977), Price and Mueller (1986) identified a range of other variables such as manufacture, communication, social integration, reutilization, role overload, promotional opportunity, training, supervisor and co-worker support, and distributive justice as having a solid impact upon turnover.According to the research Griffith University, the primary reason for managerial and operational turnover was voluntary resignation, followed by an inner transfer. Performance related terminations were very low. The main motivating factors for executives, managerial and supervisory staff to throw jobs, within the hotel industry, were break off vocation opportunities and better working hours. Changing jobs outside the industry was primarily motivated by higher(prenominal) salaries, working hours and better career opportunities. The data suggests that higher wages and better working hours are the major drivers for managerial employees to leave. Similarly, operational staff seek better wages, better working hours and amend career opportunities.In the pervious years, a small among of staff in hotel industry will stay for longer than five years but the voluntary turnover is gradually increase compared with the last decades. According to Kennedy and Berger (1994, p. 58) they stated that, in the hospitality industry, the highest turnover occurred during the first 4 weeks (in employment). The cause of turnover is often poor human resource decisions and the unmet expectations of newcomers.2.3 Factors affecting employee intent to leave in the hotel industryThere are many factors affecting employee turnover. According to a widely real though, employees usually quit their jobs because of lack of wages. However, many studies show that th ere are also many complex factors affecting employee turnover other than wage, such as the management of the company, scotchs, and psychology. In the pastime section, some factors affecting employee turnover are discussed.2.3.1 Work Related FactorsThe work related factors are other factors that will influence the labor turnover in the hotel industry. The following section will mainly focus on the job ecstasy, pay, working environment, work performance, promotion opportunities and the organization committedness how to influence the labor turnover.2.3.1.1 Job SatisfactionJob delight is containing the rejoicing with pay, satisfaction with the work itself, satisfaction with the supervision, satisfaction with the promotion opportunities (Khatri et. al., 2003). According to Davis (1981), job satisfaction can be defined as pleasantness or unpleasantness of employees while working. In addition, Oshagbemi (2000) has defined job satisfaction as individuals positive emotional reaction t o specific job. The term job satisfaction is considered an attribute that exists as the equity of a variety of desired and non-desired job-related experiences. It is also defines as the degree of fit amid the features of a job and employees expectations. In addition, there are researchers who view that job satisfaction is a result of both employees expectations and aspirations and their existing status (Clark Oswald, 1996). When the employees with a lack of job satisfaction they will be quitting the job, and the basic reason is that they expect to have a more satisfying job. On the other hand, if the employees have a high job satisfaction, the organization will be fewer labor turnovers. Price and Mueller (1981) stated that job satisfaction has an indirect influence on turnover through its direct influence on formation of intent to leave. Another study stated that employees with higher degree of trust would have higher levels of job satisfaction in the hospitality industry (Gill, 2008).2.3.1.1.1 PayAccording to the past study, the average yearly wages of hotel are very low compare with the other industries such as the IT technology and education industry. A low starting hire is found in the frontline department in the hotel industry such as the housekeeping, Food and Beverage and front office. It was shown that dissatisfaction with pay is among the world-shattering factors responsible for turnover (Pavesic and Brymer, 1990 Pizam and Ellis, 1999).Pay is received by the staff and money is equivalent to staffs effort to contribute service. The salary, pay and fringe benefit received by the staff are also the pay. Therefore, if the pay is increase, it can reduce the labor turnover. The relationship among pay and job satisfaction has received considerable attention (Churchill, FordWalker, 1974 Lawler, 1995). The pay was the most historic job attribute contributing to job satisfaction in the Hong Kong hotel industry. Therefore, higher pay is significantly re lated to greater job satisfaction. The staff will be more satisfied with their job when the actual pay is more than the evaluate pay.The other situation that causes the staff to be more likely to leave their organization is that when they perceive that they are receiving lower salary but they know the other people elsewhere are offered better pay. Therefore, pass higher wages than competing organization will enable the organization to retain some talented worker.2.3.1.1.2 The work itselfThe work itself is a critical dimension in employee job satisfaction (Luthans, 1992 Lawler, 1995 Qu, Ryan Chu, 2001 Groot Van Den Brink, 1999) and Glisson and Durick (1988) considered the worker and the nature of the work itself as two important factors affecting job satisfaction. The internal satisfactory factors are related to the work itself, such as feeling of achievement, feeling of independence, self-esteem, feeling of control and other akin feelings obtained from work. And the external sa tisfactory factors such as receiving praise from the boss, good relationships with colleagues, good working environment, high salary, good welfare and utilities.There is a relationship among job satisfaction and stress. Barsky, Thoresen, Warren and Kaplan(2004) argued that high level of work stress will be decrease the job satisfaction and finally leaving the organization because workers feel their job duties are difficult to fulfill. Price (1977) divided job stress into four types lack of resources to perform, the amount of workload, the clarity of the role obligations and the role conflict. Those job stresses will also make the employees intent to quit the organization.2.3.1.1.3 The supervisionSupervision, being one of the dimensions of job satisfaction (Rust et al., 1996), is defined from the employee-centeredness perspective, it is manifested in ways such as checking to see how well the subordinate is doing, providing advice and assistance to the individual, and communicating w ith the worker on a personal as well as an official level (Luthans, 1992, pp. 121-122). Some information show that, satisfaction with supervisor will influence job satisfaction positively and finally decrease the labor turnover. If the supervisor provide more concern and social support to the employees, they will be more satisfy and the turnover will be decrease.2.3.1.1.4 The promotion opportunitiesPrice (2001) stated that promotion opportunities are the electric potential degree of movement to a higher level status within an organization. The promotion opportunities are also the important category to define the employees are satisfy or dissatisfy, because promotion opportunities are usually associated with increase the salary.However, the result show that hotel sector are lack of promotion opportunities rather than not having seemly fair promotion policy (Iverson and Derry. 1997). Due to the hotel industry are lack of promotion opportunities, it will reduce the chance to retain t he talented employees in the organization. When employees piteous from unfair treatment, they will diversity their job attitude immediately and may quit in long run (Vigoda, 2000).2.3.1.2 The Organization CommitmentAccording to Pennstate (2006), organisational commitment is the relative strength of an employees attachment or involvement with the organization where he or she is employed. Organizational commitment is important because committed employees are little likely to leave for another job and are more likely to perform at higher levels. There are three dimensions of organizational commitment, which are affective commitment, continuance commitment and normative commitment.Turnover literature has consistently found a strong relationship between turnover and organizational commitment, indicating that employees with low commitment are likely to withdraw from the organization. Alternatively, a positive relationship has been found between organizational commitment and career prog ress or internal promotions indicating that promoted employees are more likely to exhibit higher organizational commitment.2.3.1.3 Work PerformanceEmployees work performance is another factor affecting labor turnover. According to a study conducted by Jewell and Siegal (2003), it was found that the employees having high performance were not willing to leave their jobs. At this point of view, if the employees having low performance leave their jobs for any reasons, labor turnover is not an important matter for the company. On the other hand, if the employees have a high job performance. Low wages, exclusion from prizes, unsuitable jobs are also among the reasons causing low performance and high employee turnover.2.3.1.4 Personal ReasonSome employees also leave their jobs because of personal reasons. A principal reason that employees leave their jobs is lack of incentives (Pizam and Ellis, 1999). Employees may simply want recognition or an opportunity in advance. For example, The Ritz Carlton Company has reduced employee turnover by focusing on timber recruitment, providing better training and orientation, establishing realistic career opportunities and creating long-term incentive and reward systems.2.3.2 Demographic FactorMost voluntary turnover models include demographic variables such as age, gender, race, tenure, marital status, number of dependents, and educational experience. However, this paper only focuses on the level of education, gender, marital status and age.2.3.2.1 Level of EducationOne of the major challenges of the hospitality industry is the retention of highly educated employees. We define highly educated staff as employees who have followed a higher education program at a bachelors or masters level successfully ( Deery and Shaw, 1999). Carbery et al. (2003) noted that those more highly educated managers or non-managers are more likely to intent to make a turnover decision. One research study by (Blomme et. al., 2010), it shows that among alu mni of the Hotel School The Hague who are working worldwide has shown that within 6 years after commencement exercise about 70% of all graduates from the hotel school The Hague leave the organization in which they are working. The more highly educated staff will be little easily satisfied with their jobs than those staff with lower education level because the highly educated staff have higher expectations in job status and salary and they may not be willing to join or stay in the hotel industry. In addition, the external labor markets will provide many opportunities for those highly educated people to satisfy their high expectation on financial benefit. (Wong, Siu Tseng, 1999)2.3.2.2 GenderSome study noted that, the female and male have their particular behavior that would influence the labor turnover. According to a study conducted by(Doherty and Manfredi,200162), it was found that women workers leave their jobs more than men workers, because the roles of women have to taking ca re of children, having baby in a society and doing house work. In addition, Hersch and Stratton (1997) stated that women, especially married women, spend more time engaged in household activities and are advantageously more prepared to quit their job for a family-related reason than men . Some women workers also do not want to return to their jobs after having baby.On the other hand, the study conducted by Tang and Talpade (1999), it stated that males tended to have higher satisfaction with pay than females, whereas females tended to have higher satisfaction with co-workers than males. Its means that women tend to rate social needs as more important than men such as working with people and being helpful to other. Men tend to consider pay more important than do women.Women often begin their careers with much lower expectations than men do and they are willing to take career risks and change employers to do so.Finally, women workers usually work at the entry level jobs in hotel and a ccordingly get less pay than their men co-workers. According to a study conducted by Iverson (2000) in the USA, it was found that women managers in hotel got very less wages than men managers whether in the beginning or top of their careers. In a sympathetic study, it was found that men workers got more wages than women workers got (Burgess, 2000). It was also found that in order to balance the wage differences among men and women workers, basic and routine job were presumptuousness to women workers than men workers.2.3.2.3 Marital StatusAccording to Pizam and Ellis (1999), it stated that marital status could influence labor turnover. Those married employees are most concerned with the balance between their work and family life. Hom and Griffeth (1995),stated that married employees will not want to have a voluntary turnover. Because they have many concerns about the financial needs for their family. If they cannot afford the long and unstable working hours, they will tend to give up the job. However, this issue mostly occurs on women. Therefore, they will have more time for family life and take care of their child.On the other side, the unmarried employees will consider factors related to their jobs such as promotion opportunities and organization commitment more than those married employees (Wong, Siu Tsang, 1999). Therefore, they are less satisfied with their job than married employees.2.3.2.4 AgeIn recent study, Hartman and Yrle (1996) points out that the generation Y employee mostly creates the labor turnover in hospitality industry. In addition, the study conducted by Iverson and Deery (1997), it stated that younger employees have a higher propensity to leave than older employees. The problem was arisen in this decade as the employees born in the baby boomer are retire gradually. The baby boomer is anyone born between 1946 and 1964. They have been through periods of war therefore have less opportunity in education institutions. They tend to demand more stability in their workplace, and they are very loyalty to their employees. On the other hand, the Generation Y employee who was born between the years 1979 and 1994, they can adapt the changes easily and seek a higher standard of life therefore, they consider more about their interest in the work. Furthermore, they usually change their job, as they want to gain more experience and make their life more diversity.2.3.3 External FactorsThe external factors are the factors that we cannot control and very difficult to predict. Some of these factors include political shifts, legislation, new or modified regulations, global economic conditions, technology changes and major mining disasters.In some study, the hotel industry is quite easily influenced by the global economic conditions. The economic situation could predict most of the labor turnover within the industry. Therefore, the unemployment rate affects the employees perception on job satisfaction. If the economic is down turn, the e mployees who perceive a high level of job dissatisfaction, they may still stay in organization because they dont want to lose their current job and also the job market is a lack of opportunities for them to get a better job. On the other hand, if the economic condition have improve, the employees will leave the organization immediately to find a better job. Therefore, it may create the high level of labor turnover when the economic have improved. In the later part of the literature will focus on how to manage the labor turnover in order to minimize the labor turnover within the hotel industry.2.4 The cost of labor turnoverIn the previous section, some of the critical factors that affect the labor turnover are discussed. The following section will focus on the cost of labor turnover and its impact. Labor turnover is a significant cost to hotel and it may be the most significant factor affecting hotel profitability, service quality and skills training. (Davidson et. al., 2009). The ca use of labor turnover is multidimensional, such as low morale, low productivity, low standard of performance and absenteeism.According to the statistics from TTF Australia(2006), the annual cost of replacing managerial employees was $109,909 per hotel and the annual cost of replacing operational employees was $9,591 per employee. The summarise annual cost of turnover ($49M) equates to 19.5% of 64 surveyed hotels total payroll costs ($250M). Another study stated that the Marriott Corporation alone estimated that each 1% increase in its employee turnover rate, costs the company between $5 and $15 million in lost revenues (Schlesinger and Heskett, 1991).Therefore, the cost of labor turnover is very high.Labour turnover is not only a significant tangible dollar cost but also an intangible or hidden cost associated with loss of skills, inefficiency and replacement costs (Lashley Chaplain, 1999). The direct impact of labor turnover will cause financial suffering such as administrative c ost and Lashley (1999) refers to lost investment in training and lost staff expertise as particular examples of turnover costs and opportunity costs. For the indirect impacts caused by high labor turnover are lack of manpower, poor quality of service and low morale of employees and also if turnover increases, service quality may decline as it takes time and resources to back fill departing employees, especially at busy hotels (Lynn, 2002).Labour is a significant cost and the leakage of human capital through unnecessary turnover is an element of critical importance to john line performance. A number of HRM practices have been suggested as potential solutions for turnover, such as investment in training, offering organisational support, adopting innovative recruitment and selection processes, offering better career opportunities (Cheng Brown, 1998 Forrier Sels, 2003 Hinkin Tracey, 2000 Walsh Taylor, 2007 Walters Raybould, 2007) and adopting measures to increase job satisfaction and commitment.2.5 How to manage the labor turnover in the hotel industry?High staff turnover is the common problem in hotel industry, it is also a major factor affecting workplace efficiency, productivity, and hotel cost structure. Labor turnover represents a challenge for contemporary HRM strategies and practices. Therefore, in this section, it will turn to focus on how to manage the labor turnover from the human resources perspective.In the previous section, the cost of labor turnover in the hotel is discussed. The total annual cost of turnover ($49M) equates to 19.5% of 64 surveyed hotels total payroll costs ($250M). The turnover cost are very high, thus the awareness of the importance of employees staying with an organization is evident. Hinkin and Tracey (2000) prophesy that hospitality executives who understand the value of human capital and adopt organizational policies and management practices in pursuit of employee retention will outperform the competition. Effectively k nowing and well implemented employee retention programs that increase employee tenure more than pay for themselves through reduced turnover costs and increased productivity (Hinkin and Tracey, 2000).According to 2500 supervisors, managers and executives within this sector, the top five most important aspects a company can provide to retain their people are as follows communication, Leadership, Career path, development and understanding aspirations and helping the individual towards achieving them.(Baum ,2006) This shows that, the employee are highly concern for this five elements to determine their job satisfaction. Therefore, when HRM design for a retention scheme, they can consider those five elements forwards their decision.2.5.1 TrainingIn organizations where employees receive the proper training needed to assume greater responsibilities, turnover rates are generally lower. Several studies show that training activities are correlated with productivity and retention (Delery and Doty, 1996 Huselid, 1995 Kallenberg and Moody, 1994 MacDuffie, 1995 Shaw et al., 1998 Terpstra and Rozell, 1993 US Department of Labor, 1993, Walsh and Taylor, 2007 Youndt et al., 1996). Staff is a unique asset in the company. Therefore, many hotel have invest a huge number of money per year for staff development. Because they realize that provide training to their employees would enhance the organization produtivity and improve their job performance. For the long-term purpose, training can solve the problem of high labor turnover in a hotel.Moreover, the hotel industry are now have a general shortage of the bosom management staff. Therefore, the training should be around to develop and train new management personnel. For example, in 2004 Shangri-La Hotel Resorts Shangri-La Academy was born, this is a full-time expertness that handles internal training for progression up the ranks. In addition, the Intercontinental Hotel Group also launched an in-house training center in order to groom their high potential employees to take on managerial positions within their company. Those measures of the Shangri-La Hotel and the Intercontinental Hotel Group is to do the retention of their employees and confront the trend of shortage of experienced staff and try to minimize the labor turnover.2.5.2 Motivate the employeeStaff motivation is as vital to success as any skill or personal attribute and its also plays a key role in staff retention. Motivation is the process by which a persons efforts are energized, directed, and sustained toward attaining a goal.(Stephen Coulter, 2006482) . Staff motivation is a key element in retaining staff and help them increase the job satisfaction thus the labor turnover rate may be decrease.It is essential for the management of hotels to develop efficient HRM polices and practices that enable them to motivate competent employees who can contribute to the achievement of their objectives. This requires employees at different levels of manag ement and at different stages in their career in order to maintain high morale and high performance (Enz and Siguaw, 2000). If hotel managers can satisfy their employees, it will help them to improve customer satisfaction in the long run and retain them. (Tsaur and Lin, 2004).2.5.3 Employee recognition, rewards and compensationNumerous studies have addressed the impact of employee compensation, rewards and recognition on turnover and retention. If the hotel manager gives more recognition, rewards and compensation to their employees, it can minimize the turnover.Several research studies found that highly competitive wage systems promote employee commitment and thus results in the attraction and retention of a superior workforce (Becker and Huselid, 1999 Guthrie, 2001 Shaw et al., 1998). Shaw et al.s (1998) study further noted that employees will remain with an organization as long as it serves their self-interest to do so better than the alternatives available to them elsewhere. The study also found that companies providing incentive plans to employees are more likely to experience lower turnover rates among non-managerial employees.Milman (2003) concluded that the most significant retention predictors included intrinsic fulfillment and working conditions rather than monetary rewards. Similarly, the study by Walsh and Taylor (2007) revealed that although compensation and work-life balance are important, it is the absence of opportunity for schoolmaster growth and development that affects management retention and turnover (Walsh andTaylor, 2007).Section 3 Summary and ConclusionsLabor turnover refers to the movement of employees in and out of a business. Labor turnover may enhance firm performance but high labor turnover causes problems for the firm such as lowers productivity and morale. Labor turnover can be divided into two main types voluntary and involuntary. High labor turnover is a serious problem within the industry all around the world. A range of other variables such as pay, communication, social integration, reutilization, role overload, promotional opportunity, training, supervisor and co-worker support, and distributive justice as having a significant impact upon turnover.The reasons of labor turnover in hotel industry can be classified as work related factors, demographic factors and external factors. For the work related factors, job satisfaction can be defined as pleasantness or unpleasantness of employees while working. It is containing the satisfaction with pay, satisfaction with the work itself, satisfaction with the supervision, satisfaction with the promotion opportunities When the employees with a lack of job satisfaction they will be quitting the job. On the other hand, if the employees have a high job satisfaction, the organization will be fewer labor turnovers.

Public Health Past And Present Health And Social Care Essay

rife wellness Past And Present Health And Social Cargon EssayHealth is a state of bring nearly physical, mental, and loving well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 2006). The ideal of wellness is the main theme and focus of habitual health. The concept of Public health was defined by the Ameri foot popular health leader, Charles-Edward A. Winslow, in 1920 as, the science and dodge of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency through nonionised differentiatenership efforts for the sanitation of the environment, the control of community infections, the education of the individual in principles of personal hygienics, the organization of medical and nursing service for the archeozoic diagnosis and stay treatment of disease, and the development of the social machinery which ordain ensure to all individual in the community a standard of musical accompaniment adequate for the maintenance of health (Winslow , 1926) and excessively adopted as the definition by The Acheson Committee on Public Health in England, which reported in 1988, at their first face-off which is cited in the Health Second news report of the distance of Common (2001). What does this definition tell us about the meaning of semi prevalent health? It means it is the nonionised efforts of society, implying well-nigh collective responsibility for health and prevention (Beaglehole et al, 2004)Public health is an aspect of health services concerned with threats to the over wholly health of a community based on population health analysis. It gener all in ally includes surveillance and control of infectious disease and promotion of healthy behaviours among members of the community in contrast to medicine which is focus on the overall health of the individual. Public health deals with the population while medicine deals with the individual. The population can be as dispirited as of people who lives in one community or as large as all the people of several continents in the case of a pandemic. As globe health become popular to this modern clipping tensions sometimes arise between medicine and public health. Each discipline has its distinct priorities. medicate aims at cures for individual diseases and primarily dealing with individuals while public health emphasizes the prevention of disease of the population and health promotion.The Health Second Report of the House of Commons (House of Commons, 2001) mentioned in the paper that Public health, correspond to the Proprietary Association of Great Britain, is not a term understood by the studyity of the public and one of the difficulties with the term public health is that it means different things to different people. In addition fit to the report that Public Health can get over everything from a medical specialty to a specialty which is an awful lot broader than medicine and to almost a philosophy and Public health can be variously defi ned so as to cover trends of disease in a population, the provision of preventive and health improving c atomic number 18, or a ambit of health- clashing factors including or excluding the NHS.According to Brieger (1999) and Kumar (2007) the history of public health has been a flourishing field in the last three decades. Yet despite a dope of excellent monographs about various epidemic diseases and many good collections about health and disease in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, Latin America, as well as europium and North America, the most recent textbook on the history of public health is four decade ageing. George Rosens venerable, A History of Public Health, was first published in 1958.In many ship canal, public health is largely a modern concept, although it has roots in antiquity and public health impact and influence has waxed and waned over the previous(prenominal) 150 eld (House of Commons, 2001). Tosh (1984) cited by Womack and Scally (2004) in his book The Pursuit of history wrote, To know about the past is to know that things have not always been as they be now, and by implication that they need not remain the homogeneous in the future and according to Carr (1987) cited by Womack and Scally (2004), history offers a dual function, to enable men and women to understand society of the past and to ontogenesis the mastery over the society of the empower. The importance of the history, acquaintance and understanding of the past public health and how it evolved, its success and failures, its highs and lows enable us to increase our understanding of the present. In this paper public health history is revisited to protrude how past shaped the public health today.Past and PresentThroughout the human history, community attempts to prevent and limit the spread of diseases which are the main early historical ideas of public health. Evidence of the dwellence of the idea of public health can be found in the earliest present of communal living and exi stence of diseases similar to what we have today. Evidences of activities connected with community health were well documented by Rosen et al (1993) in the book A History of Public Health these community health activities have been found in the very earliest civilizations dated as early as four super acid years ago in India, where evidence showed that these early Indian cities where consciously planned in which the bathrooms and drains are common in excavated buildings, the streets were broad, paved and drained by cover sewers. In Middle Kingdom (2 coulomb-1700 BC) archaeologist discover the ruin city of Kahun in Egypt and there is an evidence that care was taken to drain off urine by means of masonry gutter in the centre of the street. During the pre-Christian era, about two thousand years ago, the problem of procuring drinking water supply for larger communities had already been solved. In the book it was mentioned about the impressive engineering fields of the Incas. They esta blished well-drained cities that were adequately supplied with water, thus providing a good basis for the health of the community. In Greece, for sheath, the Cretan-Mycenean burnish had large conduits, and in the Palaces, much(prenominal) as that of Konosos on Crete, which dates from the second pre-Christian millennium, there were not nevertheless magnificent weak facilities but also water flushing arrangements for the toilets (Rosen et al, 1993). Kumar (2007) mentioned that Romans entrust that ill health could be associated with, amongst other things, bad air, bad water, swamps, sewage, debris and lack of personal wiseliness. In some places, Rome included, it is impossible to avoid all of these unless something is physically done to alter the environment. The Romans resolved these problems by the provision of clean water through aqueducts, removing the bulk of sewage through the building of sewers and development of a system of public toilets throughout their towns and city s and personal hygiene was encouraged through the building of large public baths. These historical evidences of public health community activities are the source of early information and strategies on the importance of housing and sanitation in public health.Rosen et al, (1993) discussed the concept of cleanliness and it was very evidence during early days. Cleanliness and personal hygiene are to be found among present-days primitive and very unquestionably practiced by pre-historic and early historic men. Primitive people dispose generally their excretions in sanitary way, although their reasons are quite different to the reasons of todays generation. During early days these practices are connected to religious practices. tidy sum kept clean to be pure and clean in the eyes of the gods and not for hygienic reason. An interesting example cited by Rosen et al (1993) was the connection between the cleanliness and worship in the Inca feast, Citua. Every year, in September, at the be ginning of rainy season which is associated with diseases, the people led by the Inca carried out health ceremony. In addition to prayer all homes were thoroughly cleaned. Religious traditions against take in pork among Hebrews and Muslims reflect the special hazards of eating those foods when inadequately preserved or prepared. As often happens in public health, even without an understanding of the underlying etiology, effectual preventive measures can be taken. Successes in prevention reinforce the concept that disease can be prevented through human action other than prayers and sacrifices to the gods, which in turn encourages additional attempts at prevention.Other antediluvian patriarch practices which created a great impact in health of our modern time such as those that can be found among the Indian cultures with a well-developed system of health-related practices called Ayurveda (the science of living) that extensively used herbs and yoga (body and breathing exercises) ba sed on three broad parameters, loosely translated as air (vata), bile (pita) and phelgm (kapha). term the exact date of the origins of these practices are unknown, it is variously estimated to have been in existence since before 1000 B.C. It is generally believed that invasive medicines were discourage at bottom Ayurveda, though some translations of older works suggest that occasional operations were performed on exceptional cases. Ancient Indian cultures also cultivated systems of mend such as Pranic healing (Mishra, 2003). The Ancient Greek would not have been too unfamiliar with some of the health and fitness regimes that are used by people today. The word Regimen was used by the Greeks to describe peoples lifestyles from which can be derived the word regimented (as in organised). The Greek philosophy of Regimen covered what people ate, drank, the symbols and amount of exercise that they took and how much sleep they had. These ideas were very thorough it demonst order that t he Greeks knew that lifestyle could affect the quality of life, as evidenced by their development and championing of the Olympics. such is the quality of the remaining evidence that we can even see that doctors advice differed for those who were rich and could whence afford to spend time and money on relaxing, and those who worked or were unequaler and therefore couldnt maintain as healthy a lifestyle as possible many of which are gloss over visible in places today (Kumar, 2007). In China, although it is not traditionally known as public health, but health practices were visible already during the early days. The earliest known work on Chinese herbs appeared as early as 100 B.C.E., the acupuncture and moxibution, both of which have been practiced as therapeutic techniques in China for more than 2,000 years, the Qi Gong, as an art of healing and health preservation, dates back to the Tang Yao intent, some twenty centuries B.C.E. which is about dancing and body movements, and var ious ways of breathing, exhalation, and exclamation were recognized as ways to read-just some functions of the human body and treat diseases (Koenig et al, 2001).Public health problems are caused majority by diseases which are transmitted from one person to another. One example is tuberculosis. Tuberculosis was a very common problem all over the world until a good understanding of the disease easeed scientists and doctors invent treatments. Less than 100 years ago, many famous people died from the disease, including artists, writers, philosophers, scientists, politicians and even some kings and queens. The history of diseases can be traced as early as the human existence. Paleopathology, the study of ancient diseases using fossils and other artifacts, reveals that early Homo sapiens, who were hunter-gatherers, suffered from essentially the same diseases that afflict people today for example, schistosomiasis, prevalent in Egypt today, has been found in Kidneys 3000 years old (Kloss and David, 2002) and skeletal remains show prehistoric humans (7000 BC) had TB (Hershkovitz et al, 2008), and tubercular decay has been found in the spines of mummies from 3000-2400 BC (Zink et al, 2003). According to Rosen et al, (1993) the first clear accounts of bully communicable diseases occur in the literature of classical Greece such as the writings of Thucydides and Hippocrates. In Hippocratic collection several known diseases of today were already mentioned such as malarial fevers, colds, pneumonia, inflammation of the eyes, suggestive statements of the presence of cases of diphtheria (although not known yet as diphtheria) and other unknown diseases in those time.In the menstruum of the Western europiuman history from the fall of the West Roman Empire in the 5th to the 15th blow is known as the middle ages (Dark ages) religion takes a firm hold on science (Koenig et al, 2001). During this time, the Western Europe experienced a period of social and political disintegrati on. Large cities disappeared, replaced by small villages surrounding the castles of feudal chiefs. The only unifying force was Christianity, and it was in the monasteries that the learning and culture of the Greco-Roman world was preserved. Furthermore, in many of these institutions, piped water supplies, sanitary sewers, privies, bathing facilities, and heating and ventilation were provided. In addition, some monasteries constructed hospices to shelter travellers and sick persons, though the medical care provided in them was primitive at best. In Eastern Europe and Asia Minor, however, feudalism did not exist, and medicine advanced and became centred in major secular hospitals established in Byzantium, Baghdad, and Cairo (Conrad, 2006).The two most popular epidemics during the Middle Ages were downcast Death and leprosy. Due to the specific environmental circumstances of medieval Europe and the religion of medieval people, these two epidemics had great social repercussions In earl y 1347, a fearful epidemic of bubonic plague broke out in Constantinople. From then on, this great plague would reach Europe and kill approximately from twenty-five percent to nine-tenths of the human population in the affected areas. Black Death or Plague from a modern medical point of date, it is a pneumonic type of an infection, highly contagious, which could be transmitted via inhalation, ingestion, or even slight abrasion of skin. Usually, lung lesions occur and death may occur from heart failure. The walls of blood vessels are attacked often causing haemorrhages and acute blood poisoning. It is fatal in almost all cases (Byrne, 2004). While leprosy spread in every civilized country in Europe during the Middle Ages. The Order of Lazarus was founded, and Lazarettoes built in a great numbers the work and the purpose of the Order is to segregate and govern the afflicted and dangerous part of humanity. The disease was controlled through segregation and isolation of those who wer e afflicted of the disease (Rawcliffe, 2006), which is a very authorized concept of quarantine and isolation for the modern public health.Successes in prevention reinforce the concept that disease can be prevented through human action other than prayers and sacrifices to the gods, which in turn encourages additional attempts at prevention. By the 1600s, the practices of isolation and quarantine had begun to be employed to prevent the spread of certain diseases by the 1800s these practices had become common in the American colonies. Methods of smallpox inoculation also began to be used and apparently mitigated some epidemics, even before Edward Jenners introduction of a safe vaccine based on cowpox computer virus (Schoenbach, 2000).In the early modern world, after about 1500, the West grew in wealth and world dominance, but it did not grow healthier. Infections that took a terrible terms on previously isolated societies, so-called virgin populations, became domesticated as world tr avel increased and urbanization progressed. Diseases that had been epidemic became endemic in urban centres (Brieger, 1999). During this period the development of crowded urban living, created the profoundest health problems. The contradiction between health and wealth of the nation was not muzzy. The promotion of fertility and personal hygiene education, the policing of sexually and socially transmitted diseases through policies of isolation and treatment and other major public health importance to the public health of modern time emerged during this period (Porter, 1994). In 1848, after studying a typhus epidemic, the German pathologist Rudolf Virchow stated that all epidemics had social causes-most typically poverty, hunger, and brusk housing. Virchow believed that improving social conditions would have a positive effect on public health. This important early perspective adds a significant role in todays thinking about public health, especially when there are major health disp arities among social classes within an individual society or between rich and poor countries (Open Collections Program, 2008).The period from 1750 until the mid-nineteenth century was characterized by unprecedented industrial, social, and political developments, and the resulting societal impacts were immense, culminating in the Industrial Revolution (Porter, 1994). In the modern public-health advocates emerged in response to the slum and desperate works conditions of nineteenth-century Europe and North America. In centres like New York, London and Berlin the struggle for proper sewerage, decent housing, clean water, factory inspectors, district health officers and a regime of food inspections was born (Remington (chairman), 1988).First major written contribution in the field of public health was in Germany, Between 1779-1816, Johann Peter Frank, a prima(p) clinician, medical educator, and hospital administrator. Franks fame rests on his massive System einer vollstndigen medizinisc hen Polizey (9 vol., 1779-1827 System of a Complete Medical Policy), which covers the hygiene of all stages of a mans life. He undertook to systematize all that was known on public health and to devise detailed codes of hygiene for enactment. He was among the first to urge international regulation of health problems, and he endorsed the notion of medical police, whereby one of the duties of the state was to protect the health of its citizens (Frank, 2008). On the other hand in England 1788, Jeremy Bentham in the hope of making a political career, he settled down to discovering the principles of legislation. The great work on which he had been engaged for many years, An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, was published in 1789. In this book he defined the principle of utility as that property in any design whereby it tends to produce pleasure, good or happiness, or to prevent the happening of mischief, pain, vicious or unhappiness to the party whose interest i s considered. Mankind, he said, was governed by two sovereign motives, pain and pleasure and the principle of utility recognized this state of affairs. The object of all legislation must be the greatest happiness of the greatest number. He deduced from the principle of utility that, since all punishment involves pain and is therefore evil, it ought only to be used so far as it promises to exclude some greater evil.(Bentham, 2008). Through Benthams work Chadwick was influenced to produce his famous work General Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain (1842). As secretary of the royal commission on reform of the poor laws (1834-46), Chadwick was largely responsible for(p) for devising the system under which the country was divided into groups of parishes administered by elected boards of guardians, each board with its own medical officer. Later, as commissioner of the Board of Health (1848-54), he conducted a campaign that culminated in passage o f the Public Health Act of 1848. This legislation embodied his belief that public health should be administered locally so as to encourage the people to participate in their own protection (Chadwick, 2008).In1854. London was in the middle of an outbreak of cholera. At the time, Europeans did not know what caused cholera. People saw that a lot of people were getting sick and dying, and they ran away to other places hoping they would not get sick too. The discovery owing largely to the work of a mid-nineteenth-century English doctor named John Snow. He watched who was getting sick very carefully. He made a map and put a emphasize on the map for each person who had got sick and died (Steven, 2006). Cholera is caused by a comma-shaped bacterium-Vibrio cholerae-whose role was identified by the German physician Robert Koch in 1883. By far the most common route of infection is drinking contaminated water. And, since water comes to contain V. cholerae through the excrement of cholera victi ms, an outbreak of the disease is evidence that people have been drinking each others feces (Steven, 2006). The classic investigations on the transmission of cholera by John Snow in 1854 and other diseases such as typhoid fever by William Budd in 1834, and puerperal fever by Ignaz Semmelweis in 1847 led to understanding and the mightiness to reduce the spread of major infections and other studies and researches and give rise to the birth of epidemiology (Schoenbach, 2000) which is a very important field in the modern public health.Two major points can be drawn from historical perspective with the 19th century the dramatic advances in the effectiveness of public health the great sanitary awakening and the advent of bacteriology and the semen theory (Schoenbach, 2000). The rapid advances in the scientific knowledge about causes and prevention of numerous diseases brought tremendous changes in public health. Many major contagious diseases were brought under control through science a pplied in public health. The identification of bacteria and the development of interventions such as immunization and water purification techniques provided a means of controlling and preventing the spread of diseases (Remington (chairman), 1988).The advance in understanding of infectious disease that constituted the arrival of the bacteriologic era at the end of the century dramatically increased the effectiveness of public health action. In one dramatic example, mosquito control brought the number of yellow fever deaths in Havana from 305 to 6 in a single. Cholera, typhoid fever, and tuberculosis, the great scourges of humanity, rapidly came under control in the industrialized countries (Schoenbach, 2000).However, with the decline in severity of infectious disease came a rise in mental illnesses, drug addictions, chronic diseases, cancer, and injuries and health damage associated with industrial labour and new emergence of infectious diseases associated with lifestyle such as HIV, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and re-emergence of diseases once thought defeated or least controlled like TB and malaria are back and have developed resistance to the drugs. Hospitals are today besieged by new forms of infection such as MRSA and C. dificiles that are resistant to most known antibiotics because of abuse and misuse of antibiotics. The changing demographic profile of the country such as increasing over 65 years population, the financial, health and care cost and provisions, ethnicity, diversity, the natural environment including source of water, types of food, clean air, different philosophies about animal use in research, technological advances such as bio-engineering, genetic engineering and human embryonic technology adds to the challenges of the modern public health.Over the course of history such as the Sanitary movement of the nineteenth century and the development of bacteriology substantially lowered death rates from enteric diseases and other serious health p roblems still existed (House of Commons). Despite remarkable success in lowering deaths from typhoid, diphtheria, and other contagious diseases, considerable disability continuous to exist in the population. It also became clear that diseases, even for treatment was available, still predominantly affected urban poor (Remington (chairman), 1988). In the Twentieth Century, health, as measured by life expectancy, has improved for the population of Britain to a remarkable extent. Life expectancy in England and Wales has increased from 52 years for men and 55 years for women in 1910, to 74 years and 79 years respectively in 1994. Over the same period infant mortality has fallen from around 105 per thousand to six per thousand. Over the past twenty years, overall mortality rates have continued to decrease. However, health indicators such as mortality and morbidity rates have not improved at the same rates for everyone, with the result that health gap between the healthiest groups and the least healthy groups has now widened and is widening bring forward (House of Commons, 2001). Health inequalities between develop countries and developing countries still exist at this modern time. Concern about health inequalities and other distributional aspects (disparity) of health locating and service use has enjoyed varying degrees of attention over the years. During the 1970s and early 1980s, distributional concerns (i.e. a concern for about the health status of different socio-economic groups within society as distinct from the overall societal average) were dominant in thought about international health. These concerns then receded for about a decade, from around the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, as attention turned from equity to efficiency. Now, the pendulum has begun to swing back, and distributional concerns are on the rise (Gwatkin, 2002). Those who are most vulnerable to evolving health crises tend to be the poor and marginalized who already suffer from numerous inequit ies and lack of opportunities. Another striking example of the disparity in emerging health issues is found in environmental health. While the industrialized world, representing 15% of the worlds population, consumes more than 60% of world energy, the developing world shoulders the greater health burden from modern environmental hazards. According to the World Health Organization, more than 40% of the total disease burden (in disability adjusted life years lost DALYs) due to urban air pollution occurs in developing countries. Children are especially vulnerable to chemical, physical and biological hazards in their environments because they are in a very active growth stage and the ability of their bodies to detoxify is not fully developed (Global Health Council, 2008). Despite progress over the last decades, health conditions in many developing countries are still unsatisfactory and, in most instances, health outcomes in these economies remain below those attained in the developed c ountries, with a significant share of the populations suffering from reventable and/or easily treatable diseases. To a large extent, global inequalities in health outcomes eflect the enormous socio-economic disparities that exist between rich and poor countries. Simultaneously, inequalities in health outcomes are prevalent between or among different socio-economic, ethnic, racial, cultural groups in a country for example, between male and female, between urban and rural populations, between rich and poor groups, the old and the young, etc. (CDP Working Group on Global Public Health, 2009)The world is entering a new era in which, paradoxically, improvements in some health indicators and major reversals in other indicators are occurring simultaneously. Rapid changes in an already complex global health situation are taking place in a context in which the global public-health workforce is unprepared to confront these challenges (Beaglehole et al, 2004).Modern technologies give rise to m odern public health problems such as high rates of occupational diseases and industrial injuries led to programs for industrial hygiene and occupational health. Mental health (stress and depression) was identified as a public health issue, and specific nutritional deficiencies were recognized as risk factors for a spectrum of diseases and other health nutritional related diseases such as obesity and malnutrition. The urban development patterns and global trade policies have had a direct impact on the emergence of preventable injuries and tobacco use as major public health threats.In 2000, unintentional injuries (e.g. road traffic injuries and poisoning) and intentional injuries (e.g. interpersonal violence and war) accounted for 9% of the world deaths and 12% of the global burden of disease and according to WHOs Tobacco Free Initiative, tobacco use accounted for 6% of the world deaths in 1990 however, if current use patterns persist, deaths due to tobacco use are expected to increas e to 18% by the year 2020 (Global health Council, 2008). Another modern public health issue is the concept of Drug abuse is a major public health problem that impacts society on multiple levels. Directly or indirectly, every community is affected by drug abuse and addiction, as is every family. Drugs take a tremendous toll on our society at many levels (National Institute of Drug Abuse, 2008) and the problem of infectious diseases is another issue of present public health. According to the World Health Organizations 2004 World Health Report, infectious diseases accounted for about 26 percent of the 57 million deaths worldwide in 2002. Collectively, infectious diseases are the second steer cause of death globally, following cardiovascular disease, but among young people (those under the age of 50) infections are overwhelmingly the leading cause of death. In addition, infectious diseases account for nearly 30 percent of all disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), which reflect the nu mber of healthy years lost to illness. Todays infectious diseases can be a newly emerging disease, is a disease that has never been recognized before, such as HIV/AIDS is a newly emerging disease, as is severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Nipah virus encephalitis, and variant Creutzfeld-Jakob disease while Re-emerging, or resurging, diseases are those that have been around for decades or centuries, but have come back in a different form or a different location. Examples are West Nile virus in the Western hemisphere, monkeypox in the United States, and dengue rebounding in Brazil and other parts of South America and working its way into the Caribbean. Deliberately emerging diseases are those that are intentionally introduced. These are agents of bioterror, the most recent and important example of which is anthrax. Newly emerging, re-emerging, and deliberately emerging diseases are all treated much the same way from a public health and scientific standpoint (Fauci, 2006).Conclus ionTo tackle the major global health challenges effectively, the practice of public health will need to change. It is not sufficient to focus only on urgent health priorities, for example, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria in Africa, or the narrowly focused Millennium increment Goals. Programmes and policies are required that respond to poverty-the basic cause of much of the global burden of disease-prevent the emerging epidemics of non-communicable disease, and address global environmental change, natural, and man-made disasters, and the need for sustainable health development. The justification for action is that health is both an end in itself-a human right-as well as a prerequisite for human development (Beaglehole et al, 2004) and it is important to recognised the potential value of historical research for studying health services and for influencing health care policy. Responsibility for the lack of use of history in formulating policy lies both with policy-makers and histo rians. History can help them realize the constraints they face and help them plan accordingly, a situation well expressed by Antonio Gramsci in the 1920s man can affect his own development and that of his surroundings only so far as he has a clear view of what the possibilities of action open to him are. To do this he has to understand the historical situation in which he finds himself and once he does this, then he can play an active part in modifying that situation. historys contribution complements those from other disciplines. It has an additional unique role. It can help policy-makers understand the limitations they inevitably face and, in doing so, can help them maintain realistic expectations. Carefully formulated policies to shape the future are always going

Negocios Exitosos

Negocios ExitososSi no conoces el puerto a donde quieres llegar, ningn viento es favorable. (Sneca) Esta famosa cita del poltico, moralista y filsofo Lucio Anneo Sneca nos ayuda a entender la importancia de los conceptos de visin y misin. Segn Sneca, el viento no era el factor primordial para lograr un viaje exitoso. A pesar de que s era necesario, followan factores mayores que ste. El conocer dnde se encontraba el puerto, as como cul era la mejor ruta para llegar al destino deseado, eran factores de mayor importancia que los mismos vientos. De igual manera podemos utilizar esta s air mile cuando hablamos del mundo empresarial. A travs de este ensayo se analizar de manera crtica la importancia de la visin y misin en el xito empresarial.Segn el autor del libro Negocios Exitosos Jack Fleitman, en el mundo empresarial, la visin se demarcate como el camino al cual se dirige la empresa a largo plazo y sirve de rumbo y aliciente para orientar las decisiones estratgicas de crecimiento ga ng a las de competitividad. (Del libro Negocios Exitosos, de Flietman Jack, McGraw Hill, 2000, Pg. 283.) Tomando como primicia la definicin de Fleitman, plantearemos nuestra propia definicin simple de visin como la habilidad de establecer claramente metas verstiles y anlisis de sus consecuencias.Cuando volvemos a analizar la cita de Sneca podemos ver que la visin empresarial no slo establece claramente lo que la empresa est realizando en el momento de hoy, as como los vientos no garantizan llegar al puerto. La visin empresarial debe ser una verstil que toma en consideracin nuestro mundo altamente tecnolgico y transformable. Por consiguiente, cuando se define el concepto de visin en una empresa los administradores deben de poseer un sentido de unanimidad, pensamiento estratgicamente crtico, as como metas agresivas y reales. La visin empresarial tiene como objetivo final el desarrollar y exponer las expectativas estratgicas de la empresa. Estas expectativas deben de tomar en considera cin nuestro mundo altamente cambiante, as como las metas a largo y corto plazo de la organizacin. Es imprescindible, el que las aspiraciones sean reales, concretas y medibles. Debido ala competitividad empresarial, la visin debe de ser una moldeable que se centre en la cultura organizacional, as como tambin en sus recursos para sobrellevar la competencia. Para poder lograr alcanzar esta ideologa la empresa no solo debe definir su visin, sino que de igual importancia debe de establecer su misin.Por consiguiente, la misin empresarial es considerada por Philip Kotler y Gary Armstrong como un importante elemento de la planificacin estratgica). (Marketing, 2004) debido a que la misin de la empresa tiene como punto de partida el establecer detalladamente los ideales que encaminarn a la empresa hacia la meta trazada.Volviendo la ilustracin del barco, podemos comparar el puerto deseado como la visin del capitn, pero es el barco el que llevar al capitn hacia ese puerto. Por consiguiente, pod emos asimilar la misin con el barco, debido a que ambos word of honor el elemento que se utilizo para alcanzar la meta deseada. Segn el artculo de Jos Alejandro Visin y Misin Dos conceptos Fundamentales, la misin de la empresa sirve como fundamento para todas las decisiones importantes que toma el equipo gerencial.(Del artculo, Visin y Misin Dos conceptos Fundamentales, Alejandro Jos, 2008.)La misin de la empresa es el alma mater de la organizacin. La misin incluye la alta gama de detalles que una empresa debe considerar para poder alcanzar ser competitivamente exitosa. Segn Jos Alejandro, la misin cubre la clientela que se va a servir, las necesidades a satisfacer, los productos que se tendrn, los linderos de las actividades empresariales, en fin todo componente clave que envuelve y acaparra lo que es la empresa.La visin y la misin de la empresa word of honor dos conceptos intrnsecamente relacionados y dependiente uno del otro. Para poder asegurar el xito rotundo de una empresa, la compaa debe de establecer un cimiento slido. Metafricamente, la visin y misin son el cimiento de toda empresa. Cuando una empresa limita o carece de visin y misin, los resultados son evidentemente desastrosos. Es por ello, que podemos ver el auge de muchas empresas nuevas, pero con corta duracin e impacto. En muchas ocasiones, estas derrotas son debido a la falta de visin y misin, o la falta de modificar o alterar su visin y misin para poder satisfacer las necesidades de su clientela en este mundo altamente evolutivo.Si interpretamos todo lo descrito anteriormente podemos decir que la visin y misin de una empresa son el cimiento de la organizacin. La visin logra identificar, establecer y vislumbrar la meta que se desea obtener, mientras que la misin propone las estrategias que se necesitan, para poder logarar esas metas. Ambas tienen como caractersticas el ser altamente moldeable, para poder sufragar las necesidades de la empresa, clientela, as como las necesidades de su entorno altamente veleidoso.ReferenciasAdministracin Estratgica Conceptos y Casos, ThompsonArthur y Strickland A.J. III, 11va. Edicin, Editorial McGraw Hill, 2001, Pg. 4.Negocios Exitosos, de Flietman Jack, McGraw Hill, 2000, Pg. 283.)Visin y Misin Dos conceptos Fundamentales, Alejandro Jos, 2008

Expansion Of Arthurs Battle With The Giant :: essays research papers

Arthur turned his head in the direction the womans gaze and there before him stood the giant that he had heard so much about during the past few days. It stood almost 20 feet off the ground and carried a club bigger than Arthur himself. The stench of guff human corpses emanated from its dis flaking body and insects of every sort imaginable crawled freely through its hair and under its skin. Arthur stood motionless, stunned for a moment by the implausible hideousness of the creature."How could a matinee idol who created the beauty of things such as the forests and mountains also be responsible for creating such filth?" thought Arthur. He then put his attain on his sword and grasped it tightly. Was this giant more than he could handle? Would his pride and honor lead him to his death? If Merlin was right, and God was not on his side, how could he expect to win this fight? Arthurs stomach began to churn as all these thoughts flew through his mind and he clenched Excalibur ev en tighter. The giant was carrying the bodies of twelve peasants on its back. The sight of the dead men and women the giant had so mercilessly killed enraged Arthur. This beast would pay dearly for its crimes if he had anything to do with it."May great God in heaven, who rules the world, give you a short life and shameful death Surely you are the most foul fiend that was ever formed keep yourself, you dog, and prepare to die, for this day my hands will kill you" exclaimed Arthur.The giant answered Arthur by raising its massive club and swinging it at him. Arthur could feel a gust of wind blow against him as the tree-sized club whipped through the air towards him. He raised his shield with his head covered in an attempt to block the giants blow. This was the tally part of fighting for Arthur, not being able to see what was happening, he would have to leave his fate up to God.The blow came quickly, completely jolting and immobilise Arthur and shattering his shield into sawd ust, but at least he was still alive. If God was to forsake him, today was not the day He did so. Arthurs strength and reliance grew after he survived the first blow for he believed God would protect him tonight.

Physics of a Fire :: physics fire

Fire is a chemical reaction whcih needs three things to be present so it cease pass away oxygen, Fuel, and Heat.If one of these is not present, the fire cannot start. If one of these is taken from a fire it will go out.But how does this all work?OxygenWe all let out Oxygen (O) everyday - in fact, without it we would suffocate. But did you know that fire breathes Oxygen too? And, like us, without Oxygen a fire will also suffocate.When Oxygen in the air combines with flammable vapours given off by Fuels - heat is produced and then ignition can occur.Without enough Oxygen, ignition cannot happen. In the opponent way, if there is too much Oxygen then the vapours wont be concentrated enough to shake up. The ratio of vapour to Oxygen is known as the explosive or flammable limit and is different for each gas or vapour.HeatCombustion occurs when flammable vapours mix with air (Oxygen) and are ignited by a spark or flame.Solids give off flammable vapours by being heated. Certain solids such as paper or flour face to ignite almost instantly. This is because they give off vapours and reach a flammable temperature almost immediately. In fact, fine dusts dispersed in the air can explode because they give off vapours and ignite so quickly it appear to happen instantly.Other solids like timber take longer to ignite because they are more dense and so dont give off flammable vapours so easily.FuelSo, in our fire triangle weve got Oxygen and Heat, that we also need something that will burn - this is our Fuel.Fuels can take almost any formSolids like wood, fabric, rubber and plastic.Liquids such as petrol, embrocate, cooking oil or even nail varnish remover.Gases like propane, butane and natural gas.If a fire broke out in your home today, would you automatically know which fire asphyxiator to use? What would happen if you used a Class A fire asphyxiator on a fire in the electrical service instrument panel in your basement? Answer youd possibly be electrocuted if the extinguishing agent is a liquidA long time ago, the fire protection fabrication recognized the need to classify extinguishers according to the many kinds of burning materials encountered in a fire. For example, Class A, water-type fire extinguishers cannot be used on the electrical fires because the extinguisher operator could be seriously injured by the conduction of electricity by the stream of water from their extinguisher.