Antibiotics Essays (521 words) - Bacteriology,

Antibiotics Antibiotics are chemical compounds used to kill or inhibit the growth of infectious organisms. Originally the term antibiotic referred only to organic compounds, produced by bacteria or molds, that are toxic to other microorganisms. The term is now used loosely to include synthetic and semisynthetic organic compounds. Antibiotic refers generally to antibacterials; however, because the term is loosely defined, it is preferable to specify compounds as being antimalarials, antivirals, or antiprotozoals. All antibiotics share the property of selective toxicity: They are more toxic to an invading organism than they are to an animal or human host. Penicillin is the most well-known antibiotic and has been used to fight many infectious diseases, including syphilis, gonorrhea, tetanus, and scarlet fever. Another antibiotic, streptomycin, has been used to combat tuberculosis. Antibiotics can be classified in several ways. The most common method classifies them according to their action against the infecting organism. Some antibiotics attack the cell wall; some disrupt the cell membrane; and the majority inhibit the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, the polymers that make up the bacterial cell. Another method classifies antibiotics according to which bacterial strains they affect: staphylococcus, streptococcus, or Escherichia coli, for example. Antibiotics are also classified on the basis of chemical structure, as penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, macrolides, or sulfonamides, among others. Most antibiotics act by selectively interfering with the synthesis of one of the large-molecule constituents of the cell?the cell wall or proteins or nucleic acids. Some, however, act by disrupting the cell membrane . Some important and clinically useful drugs interfere with the synthesis of peptidoglycan, the most important component of the cell wall. These drugs include the B-lactam antibiotics, which are classified according to chemical structure into penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems. All these antibiotics contain a B-lactam ring as a critical part of their chemical structure, and they inhibit synthesis of peptidoglycan, an essential part of the cell wall. They do not interfere with the synthesis of other intracellular components. The continuing buildup of materials inside the cell exerts ever greater pressure on the membrane, which is no longer properly supported by peptidoglycan. The membrane gives way, the cell contents leak out, and the bacterium dies. These antibiotics do not affect human cells because human cells do not have cell walls. Many antibiotics operate by inhibiting the synthesis of various intracellular bacterial molecules, including DNA, RNA, ribosomes, and proteins. The synthetic sulfonamides are among the antibiotics that indirectly interfere with nucleic acid synthesis. Nucleic-acid synthesis can also be stopped by antibiotics that inhibit the enzymes that assemble these polymers?for example, DNA polymerase or RNA polymerase. Examples of such antibiotics are actinomycin, rifamicin, and rifampicin, the last two being particularly valuable in the treatment of tuberculosis. The quinolone antibiotics inhibit synthesis of an enzyme responsible for the coiling and uncoiling of the chromosome, a process necessary for DNA replication and for transcription to messenger RNA. Some antibacterials affect the assembly of messenger RNA, thus causing its genetic message to be garbled. When these faulty messages are translated, the protein products are nonfunctional. There are also other mechanisms: The tetracyclines compete with incoming transfer-RNA molecules; the aminoglycosides cause the genetic message to be misread and a defective protein to be produced; chloramphenicol prevents the linking of amino acids to the growing protein; and puromycin causes the protein chain to terminate prematurely, releasing an incomplete protein.

Dawn By Elie Wiesel Essays - Biblical People In Islam, Free Essays

Dawn By Elie Wiesel Essays - Biblical People In Islam, Free Essays Dawn By Elie Wiesel The book I read for my book review was Dawn, bye Elie Wiesel. This story represents the post WWII struggle of the Israeli freedom fighters one young man in particular, who has found himself on the other side of the gun. Wiesel himself severed his time in the death camps at Auschwitz and Buchenwald during the War, and had previously written Night, the memoirs of his experiences. The purpose of this book, in my mind, was to express the inner most thoughts and the anguish of Elisha. Elisha is 18 years old. He was recruited by a gentleman named Gad, who turned him into a fighter. He has killed before for their cause, but only in groups never alone. Our bullets were a flaming wall on which their lives were shattered My five comrades and I set out to either kill or to be killed. Pg28. But now, Elisha wasnt in a group. He had been ordered to execute an English officer, John Dawson, as to compensate for the British capturing David ben Moshe, one of their own. In tradition, executions always took place at dawn in their culture; usually around 5AM. Elisha has less than twelve hours before he will be labeled as a murderer for the rest of his life. Hes having a difficult time coming to the reality that he is going to have to kill a man on his own. I should forget this night. But the dead never forget In their eyes I should be forever branded a killer. Pg69. Of course, then again, if anyone were put into that position having to kill a man, who has done nothing wrong except be born of English blood I think they would be having some serious issues with themselves as well. In the Jewish tradition, there is a lot of focus on and towards nighttime. Night is a very important in that Night is purer than day; it is better for thinking and loving and dreaming. At night everything is more intense, more true. The echo of words that have been spoken during the day take on a new and deeper meaning. The tragedy of man is that he doesnt know how to distinguish between night and day. He says things at night that should only be said by day. Pg4. Also, according to their realigion, at midnight, the dead rise and go to the synagogue to pray. At one point, during the night before Dawsons death, Elisha sees the ghosts of his parents, and old Master, of his fiend Yerachmiel, and of a little beggar boy. These ghosts help Elisha cope with what he is about to go through. Throughout the book, there is a lot of mention of the war between the Israelis and the British. At one point its said that, War is like night it covers everything. I very much agree with this statement. War does cover everything, mentally, physically, and ecologically; war has no care as to who it hurts, why, or how. As Night is drawing closer to an end, Elisha realizes that he doesnt want to go down to the basement, where John Dawson is being held, and kill a man he has never known. Thats a cowardice thing to do in their culture. I said that I wanted to go down before the time was up, to see the fellow, and talk, and get to know him. It was cowardly, I said, to kill a complete stranger. It was like war, where you dont shoot at men, but into the night you never know whether any of the enemy was killed, or which one. To execute a stranger would be the same thing. If I were to see him as only he died, I would feel as if I shot at a dead man. This, I feel is another powerful quote that makes good food for thought. I, and Im sure others as well, cant even fathom what Elisha is going through. Elisha does go down to meet John Dawson, about an hour before the dawn. He gets to know him, about his life, and family. He even promises to mail a letter to Dawsons son after hes killed.

Evaluating the performance of Iranian football team utilizing linear Essay

Evaluating the performance of Iranian football team utilizing linear programming - Essay Example This in turn has a positive effect on the overall performance of the entire system. A major advantage that is experienced is that the analysis of the performance of the system can help the managers to come up with a sketch of a suitable plan for the allocation of the budget, common club revenues, rewards and the shared costs to decision making units (Cooper et al 2000). Charnes et al proposed a CCR model of Data envelopment analysis (DEA) which is a technique based on non parametric linear programming. It is normally used for measuring the relative efficiencies of a given set of decision making units which normally consume multiple inputs to produce multiple outputs. Through further studies, more improvement was done on the previous work on the BCC model. A number of publications have done addressing the application of Data envelopment analysis (DEA) in football. In regard to this Guzman and Morrow made use of information from club’s financial statements in measuring the cooperate performance using the malmquist non parametric technique to measure the efficiency and production. A study conducted in the Spanish football league whereby comparison was done and the results were obtained on the basis of the potential. The Spanish league was also analyzed from a financial point of view (Guzman & Morrow, 2007). The need for analysis of complex decision making arises from the need to monitor the performance of football teams in Iran based on the available records of finance, performance trends and all activities associated with the management of football teams. This will help to make more informed decisions and improve the management and performance of football teams. Assume that we have n number of Decision making units whereby DMUj; j=1,2,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦,n using the input levels Xiij; i=1,2,†¦,m to produce output levels yrj, r=1,2,†¦.,s. let (xj, yj) denote the input output vector of Decision making units. Consider DMU0(x0, y0) which 0Ï µ{1,2,†¦,n}. The tree has 3

Dental office network design Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dental office network design - Case Study Example Considering that the dentists are mobile and involved in offering services in different locations, the network solution will contain better communication equipment in order to make provision of services efficient. The network should contain proper connection of persons from different five offices situated in different locations. There should be a link between the receptionists in all offices such that they communicate and respond to calls from all areas (White, 2012). The network should be able to allow access of information by all dentists offering services to patients regardless of their location. This means that the network will contain several computers linked to a server that will enable access of information or data for patients. The design of the network solution will require careful attention in order to develop effective computer systems for fostering operations by dentists in different locations (Plant & Murrell, 2007). The network should have proper systems of communicatio ns, for example, telephone and internet linked in a systematic manner. This will allow proper communication between the dentists, their assistants and receptionists. The network solution will contain an installation of a VPN server linked to computers from different offices. The network shall contain Metropolitan Area Network components integrated in manner that it supports the Local area Network (Stair & Reynolds, 2010). ... Identify the information that is to be protected and the related security requirements Although the network is to allow flow and access of information between the five offices and other locations that the dentists will perform their services, there must be protection of information from patients (White, 2012). The design of the network solution will ensure that there is a restriction of information access to individuals. This will ensure confidentiality of patient’s information. Protection of information is a requirement of Health Insurance and Accountability Act (HPAA). The organization requires the formation of appropriate national standards for electronic healthcare operations (Stair & Reynolds, 2010). The design of the network will allow information access for authorized persons. For example, there will be security measures, for example, use of passwords and security codes to ensure access by required persons. This will ensure information for patients is not accessed by un authorized individuals. The information to be protected includes electronic and that contained in the papers. In order to ensure safeguard of information, the network requires administrative, technical and physical protection (Plant & Murrell, 2007). Maintenance of security will be possible through implementation of documented security controls. Administrative protocols will have to indicate persons who will have access to protected data. The protocol will consider aspects of data access alteration and termination. Plans should exist for the purpose of tackling emergencies emanating from the network (White, 2012). In order to adhere to the rules of HPAA, the administration will ensure performance of

What Goals I Plan to Accomplish Through a College Education Essay Example for Free

What Goals I Plan to Accomplish Through a College Education Essay Succeeding through failure What is the true meaning of success? Life has its difficulties and everybody experiences success and failure. But what is success what do we categorize as a failure? Success is walking from failure to failure with no loss of enthusiasm. Winston Churchill To most people, success means achieving a goal. What success means to me is being the best I can be. What makes me a successful person? To be a successful person you must be a great leader. There’s probably nothing more difficult than being a great leader. It’s easy to be selfish, it’s easy to only be concerned with your needs, your wants and your desires. But to succeed you have to lead! When you lead, you will succeed. The term successful can have a number of meanings for different people. For some a successful person is a person who earns a lot of money in their job, or maybe success might be found in a person with a purpose to succeed. To most people success can mean the gaining of fame, not for you but for others. Whether we succeed or not will mostly be a result of our own work towards our goals. Success doesn’t always have to be about gaining power or fame it can mean doing what you have plan, getting things done for you . Different paths to success, Success is a term we are comforted with every day. Positive thinking is one way to become successful. Depending on your personality and attitude towards life and work, there are several ways to achieve success. A different path to success is help from others. Some people benefit a lot from teamwork and working together with others instead of alone. Another approach to success is hard work. A hard-working person dedicates his or her life to achieving his or her goals in order to be successful. Personally I work better when I’m in groups so that I hear everyone’s point of view, but I know I don’t need anyone to help me succeed in life or wh at I plan to do. According to Adapt, â€Å"Success comes through rapidly fixing our mistakes rather than getting things right first time. Confidence is the companion of success.† If you don’t believe in your abilities and what you can do, don’t be surprised if no one else will either. Your negative thoughts about yourself send a  signal throughout the world that others pick up on and respond that’s what I have to tell myself when I think I can’t do anything. But when you believe in yourself and know that you can do anything you set your mind to, people pick up that signal, and they will treat you according to how they believe you should be treated. What can I do in order to become successful? What exactly makes me achieve great success in life? Success can be achieved within different areas of life. It is important to have achievement of success right in front of you. Success is like preparation. To succeed, you must be ready when opportunity comes. Spend your time preparing for success, when your opportunity comes, you’ll be very happy you prepared. Not a lot of people look at the true meaning of success. You may see someone rich or famous and think they are successful. Often you will read about a star that has overdosed on drugs or is involved in a messy divorce. They will sometimes get themselves committed to a rehab facility or something worse. That does not sound like success to me. I was reading this article on one of the most richest men in Canada. He was also one of the most miserable. He was so afraid of people trying to take advantage of him that he never let anyone close. He died alone. I don’t think he knew the true meaning of success. â€Å"Failure is not an option, to many in our success-driven society, failure isn’t just considered a non-option—it’s deemed a deficiency, says Kathryn Schulz, author of Being Wrong. â€Å"The quickest road to success is to possess an attitude towa rd failure of ‘no fear,’ † says Heath. â€Å"To do their work well, to be successful and to keep their companies competitive, leaders and workers on the front lines need to stick their necks out a mile every day. They have to deliver risky, edgy, breakthrough ideas, plans, presentations, advice, technology, products, leadership, bills and more. And they have to deliver all this fearlessly—without any fear whatsoever of failure, rejection or punishment.† I think what she means by that is to achieve your personal best, to make the impossible possible what I’ve always heard, you can’t fear failure, you must push yourself. Here are some examples where you can be successful. Family, friends, work, community, also mankind, environment, martial things and yourself. To be truly successful in each of these examples you need to be balanced. Set a goal to equal the important ones, just try not to ignore any of them. When trying to accomplish your goals your have to take risk. You’ve  got to keep finding better ways to run your life, or someone will take what you’ve accomplished. Keep moving forward is what I tell myself when I’m faced with something hard every day. When it comes to failing, our egos are our own worst enemies. As soon as things start going wrong, we are on defense mode .It seems to be the hardest thing in the world to admit we’ve made a mistake and try to fix it. It requires you to challenge you own thinking .No one wants to fail everyone wants to succeed in everything. Being able to recognize a failure just means that you’ll be able to change it into something more likely to succeed, wise women told me. One tip I can give on how to survive failure is to expect it before it happens. Dont get me wrong, Im not encouraging negative thinking. Theres a difference between expecting failure to happen and not reaching for your dreams and expecting failures and becoming ready to face it so you can reach for your dreams. What Im talking about is we can read about the lives of successful people. So theres no use in denying it. Instead, if we are aiming to succeed, we must expect and accept the reality that failures will come and we must take it as it is. So ask yourself this what is the true meaning of success, what is success what do we categorize as a failure? Work cited page www.news.google.com/newspapers?nid1915dat=19130417 www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/adapt [emailprotected]

Self-Defeating Ideals in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman and The Pr

Self-Defeating Ideals in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman and The Price When people accept an ideal to live by it can be a glorious and noble thing unless they become so obsessed with the ideal that it becomes a yolk and they are unable to realize their dream. This is especially true for two characters in Arthur Miller's plays Death of a Salesman and The Price. In these two plays Miller portrays two lower-middle class men, Willie Loman and Victor Franz, respectively, who each live by an ideal that ultimately is self-defeating. Willie lived to pursue the American dream rather than living the American dream and Victor lived to serve and be decent rather than living a noble and decent life. They pursed their ideal rather than living it and thus they are unable to succeed. Willie Loman, in Death of a Salesman,, has lived his life in pursuit of the American dream. Traditionally the American dream meant opportunity and freedom for all, and Willie believed that. However, hard work could not earn him everything that he wanted or thought he deserved. Willy judged himself and those around him by their material accumulation, as is demanded by capitalism and the protestant work ethic. The ethic demands accumulation and work as signs of favor in the eyes of God. Thus in order to please God and himself he had to accumulate wealth and objects. The consumer oriented society in which Willy lives will not allow him to live the American Dream. Willy is fascinated by accumulating things. His desire for goods makes him want objects that he neither needed nor could afford. Willy thinks that he needs to buy his wife a new refrigerator and new stockings even though she is content with what they have. As he tries to live the America... ...- middle working class. Just as Willy does, Victor too, adopts a quest for himself however, he pursues that quest to the point that he loses sight of his original goal - to please others, and ends up hurting them. Both men have decent and noble intentions however, they both live to fulfill those intentions rather than living and fulfilling the intentions. As a result they both fail to accomplish what they had intended, hurt the ones they love, and themselves. Willy's obsession with acquiring wealth and being a salesman made it impossible for him to do so. Victor's insistence on helping others made it impossible for him to provide the life his wife wanted and deserved. Both men failed because they lived by impossible standards that they were never able to meet. Â  It was to late before they realized the harsh penalties for failure to meet impossible standards.

Ap Bio Unit Packet 38-40

Lissette Rivera Chapters 38-40 Answer all questions on looseleaf or type the answers in from the website and print. PART A: 1. Draw a general diagram of the life cycle of a seed plant. Indicate which steps are haploid and which are diploid. 2. Define microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis. In what portion(s) of the flower does each of these processes occur? What is the end product of each process? Microsporogenesis produces our microspores. It occurs in the sporangia of the anther in flowers.Four haploid microspores are produced when the mother cell undergoes meiosis. Each microspore develops into a pollen grain. Megasporogenesis occurs in the sporangium of the ovule of a flower. After meiosis, the embryo sac is produced (egg, nucei, antipodal cells, synergids). 3. Draw and label all parts of a complete flower. Indicate the functions of the major parts. 4. What is pollination? How does it differ from fertilization? Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the s tigma of the plant through wind, animals, insects, etc.It differs from fertilization in that fertilization is caused by pollination. Pollination also only occurs in plants whereas fertilization can occur to reproduction in all plants and animals. Pollination 5. Draw and label a mature ovule. Include the micro-pyle, integuments, nucellus, synergids, polar nuclei, egg, and anti-podals. Indicate the functions of each of these structures. 6. What stages of the life cycle are eliminated or bypassed when plants are cloned naturally? When plants are cloned on the farm or in the laboratory? The gametophyte generation is bypassed when plants are cloned naturally.When plants are cloned on the farm or in the laboratory, cutting small pieces of plants can be grown into a complete plant. 7. What does the science of plant biotechnology do that artificial selection and/or cloning practices don’t do? Biotechnology adds genes from other organisms to plants, which other artificial selection or cloning practices does not do. PART B: 1. One of the problems associated with growing plants in space is lack of gravity. a. How does gravity affect the normal growth of a plant’s roots, stems, and other parts? Explain the mechanisms involved.Under gravity, auxin accumulates on the lower side of the root and stems, and slows down elongation of cells in the roots under high concentrations. Auxin concentrations with 10-8 and 10-4 stimulate proton pumps. Enzymes break crosslinks between cellulose molecules and allow the cell to elongate. b. How would a lack of gravity affect normal growth? Seeds rely on the gravitropic responses when they’re underground under absence o flight. c. Propose mechanisms to overcome the problems associated with a lack of gravity. Plant orientation is impacted by light. It counteracts lack of gravity. Ap Bio Unit Packet 38-40 Lissette Rivera Chapters 38-40 Answer all questions on looseleaf or type the answers in from the website and print. PART A: 1. Draw a general diagram of the life cycle of a seed plant. Indicate which steps are haploid and which are diploid. 2. Define microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis. In what portion(s) of the flower does each of these processes occur? What is the end product of each process? Microsporogenesis produces our microspores. It occurs in the sporangia of the anther in flowers.Four haploid microspores are produced when the mother cell undergoes meiosis. Each microspore develops into a pollen grain. Megasporogenesis occurs in the sporangium of the ovule of a flower. After meiosis, the embryo sac is produced (egg, nucei, antipodal cells, synergids). 3. Draw and label all parts of a complete flower. Indicate the functions of the major parts. 4. What is pollination? How does it differ from fertilization? Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the s tigma of the plant through wind, animals, insects, etc.It differs from fertilization in that fertilization is caused by pollination. Pollination also only occurs in plants whereas fertilization can occur to reproduction in all plants and animals. Pollination 5. Draw and label a mature ovule. Include the micro-pyle, integuments, nucellus, synergids, polar nuclei, egg, and anti-podals. Indicate the functions of each of these structures. 6. What stages of the life cycle are eliminated or bypassed when plants are cloned naturally? When plants are cloned on the farm or in the laboratory? The gametophyte generation is bypassed when plants are cloned naturally.When plants are cloned on the farm or in the laboratory, cutting small pieces of plants can be grown into a complete plant. 7. What does the science of plant biotechnology do that artificial selection and/or cloning practices don’t do? Biotechnology adds genes from other organisms to plants, which other artificial selection or cloning practices does not do. PART B: 1. One of the problems associated with growing plants in space is lack of gravity. a. How does gravity affect the normal growth of a plant’s roots, stems, and other parts? Explain the mechanisms involved.Under gravity, auxin accumulates on the lower side of the root and stems, and slows down elongation of cells in the roots under high concentrations. Auxin concentrations with 10-8 and 10-4 stimulate proton pumps. Enzymes break crosslinks between cellulose molecules and allow the cell to elongate. b. How would a lack of gravity affect normal growth? Seeds rely on the gravitropic responses when they’re underground under absence o flight. c. Propose mechanisms to overcome the problems associated with a lack of gravity. Plant orientation is impacted by light. It counteracts lack of gravity.